30 seconds of code

Curated collection of useful JavaScript snippets that you can understand in 30 seconds or less.

• Use Ctrl + F or command + F to search for a snippet.
• Contributions welcome, please read the contribution guide.
• Snippets are written in ES6, use the Babel transpiler to ensure backwards-compatibility.
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Related projects

• 30 Seconds of CSS
• 30 Seconds of Interviews
• 30 Seconds of React
• 30 Seconds of Python (unofficial)
• 30 Seconds of PHP (unofficial)

Package

⚠️ NOTICE: A few of our snippets are not yet optimized for production (see disclaimers for individual snippet issues).

You can find a package with all the snippets on npm.

# With npm
npm install 30-seconds-of-code

# With yarn
yarn add 30-seconds-of-code

CDN link

<script src="https://unpkg.com/30-seconds-of-code@1/dist/_30s.es5.min.js"></script>
<script>
  _30s.average(1, 2, 3);
</script>

// CommonJS
const _30s = require('30-seconds-of-code');
_30s.average(1, 2, 3);

// ES Modules
import _30s from '30-seconds-of-code';
_30s.average(1, 2, 3);

Contents

🔌 Adapter

📚 Array

🌐 Browser

⏱️ Date

🎛️ Function

➗ Math

📦 Node

🗃️ Object

📜 String

📃 Type

🔧 Utility

🔌 Adapter

ary

Creates a function that accepts up to n arguments, ignoring any additional arguments.

Call the provided function, fn, with up to n arguments, using Array.prototype.slice(0,n) and the spread operator (...).

const ary = (fn, n) => (...args) => fn(...args.slice(0, n));

const firstTwoMax = ary(Math.max, 2);
[[2, 6, 'a'], [8, 4, 6], [10]].map(x => firstTwoMax(...x)); // [6, 8, 10]

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call

Given a key and a set of arguments, call them when given a context. Primarily useful in composition.

Use a closure to call a stored key with stored arguments.

const call = (key, ...args) => context => context[key](...args);

Promise.resolve([1, 2, 3])
  .then(call('map', x => 2 * x))
  .then(console.log); // [ 2, 4, 6 ]
const map = call.bind(null, 'map');
Promise.resolve([1, 2, 3])
  .then(map(x => 2 * x))
  .then(console.log); // [ 2, 4, 6 ]

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collectInto

Changes a function that accepts an array into a variadic function.

Given a function, return a closure that collects all inputs into an array-accepting function.

const collectInto = fn => (...args) => fn(args);

const Pall = collectInto(Promise.all.bind(Promise));
let p1 = Promise.resolve(1);
let p2 = Promise.resolve(2);
let p3 = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000, 3));
Pall(p1, p2, p3).then(console.log); // [1, 2, 3] (after about 2 seconds)

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flip

Flip takes a function as an argument, then makes the first argument the last.

Return a closure that takes variadic inputs, and splices the last argument to make it the first argument before applying the rest.

const flip = fn => (first, ...rest) => fn(...rest, first);

let a = { name: 'John Smith' };
let b = {};
const mergeFrom = flip(Object.assign);
let mergePerson = mergeFrom.bind(null, a);
mergePerson(b); // == b
b = {};
Object.assign(b, a); // == b

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over

Creates a function that invokes each provided function with the arguments it receives and returns the results.

Use Array.prototype.map() and Function.prototype.apply() to apply each function to the given arguments.

const over = (...fns) => (...args) => fns.map(fn => fn.apply(null, args));

const minMax = over(Math.min, Math.max);
minMax(1, 2, 3, 4, 5); // [1,5]

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overArgs

Creates a function that invokes the provided function with its arguments transformed.

Use Array.prototype.map() to apply transforms to args in combination with the spread operator (...) to pass the transformed arguments to fn.

const overArgs = (fn, transforms) => (...args) => fn(...args.map((val, i) => transforms[i](val)));

const square = n => n * n;
const double = n => n * 2;
const fn = overArgs((x, y) => [x, y], [square, double]);
fn(9, 3); // [81, 6]

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pipeAsyncFunctions

Performs left-to-right function composition for asynchronous functions.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() with the spread operator (...) to perform left-to-right function composition using Promise.then(). The functions can return a combination of: simple values, Promise's, or they can be defined as async ones returning through await. All functions must be unary.

const pipeAsyncFunctions = (...fns) => arg => fns.reduce((p, f) => p.then(f), Promise.resolve(arg));

const sum = pipeAsyncFunctions(
  x => x + 1,
  x => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(x + 2), 1000)),
  x => x + 3,
  async x => (await x) + 4
);
(async() => {
  console.log(await sum(5)); // 15 (after one second)
})();

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pipeFunctions

Performs left-to-right function composition.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() with the spread operator (...) to perform left-to-right function composition. The first (leftmost) function can accept one or more arguments; the remaining functions must be unary.

const pipeFunctions = (...fns) => fns.reduce((f, g) => (...args) => g(f(...args)));

const add5 = x => x + 5;
const multiply = (x, y) => x * y;
const multiplyAndAdd5 = pipeFunctions(multiply, add5);
multiplyAndAdd5(5, 2); // 15

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promisify

Converts an asynchronous function to return a promise.

Use currying to return a function returning a Promise that calls the original function. Use the ...rest operator to pass in all the parameters.

In Node 8+, you can use util.promisify

const promisify = func => (...args) =>
  new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
    func(...args, (err, result) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve(result)))
  );

const delay = promisify((d, cb) => setTimeout(cb, d));
delay(2000).then(() => console.log('Hi!')); // // Promise resolves after 2s

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rearg

Creates a function that invokes the provided function with its arguments arranged according to the specified indexes.

Use Array.prototype.map() to reorder arguments based on indexes in combination with the spread operator (...) to pass the transformed arguments to fn.

const rearg = (fn, indexes) => (...args) => fn(...indexes.map(i => args[i]));

var rearged = rearg(
  function(a, b, c) {
    return [a, b, c];
  },
  [2, 0, 1]
);
rearged('b', 'c', 'a'); // ['a', 'b', 'c']

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spreadOver

Takes a variadic function and returns a closure that accepts an array of arguments to map to the inputs of the function.

Use closures and the spread operator (...) to map the array of arguments to the inputs of the function.

const spreadOver = fn => argsArr => fn(...argsArr);

const arrayMax = spreadOver(Math.max);
arrayMax([1, 2, 3]); // 3

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unary

Creates a function that accepts up to one argument, ignoring any additional arguments.

Call the provided function, fn, with just the first argument given.

const unary = fn => val => fn(val);

['6', '8', '10'].map(unary(parseInt)); // [6, 8, 10]

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📚 Array

all

Returns true if the provided predicate function returns true for all elements in a collection, false otherwise.

Use Array.prototype.every() to test if all elements in the collection return true based on fn. Omit the second argument, fn, to use Boolean as a default.

const all = (arr, fn = Boolean) => arr.every(fn);

all([4, 2, 3], x => x > 1); // true
all([1, 2, 3]); // true

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allEqual

Check if all elements in an array are equal.

Use Array.prototype.every() to check if all the elements of the array are the same as the first one.

const allEqual = arr => arr.every(val => val === arr[0]);

allEqual([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]); // false
allEqual([1, 1, 1, 1]); // true

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any

Returns true if the provided predicate function returns true for at least one element in a collection, false otherwise.

Use Array.prototype.some() to test if any elements in the collection return true based on fn. Omit the second argument, fn, to use Boolean as a default.

const any = (arr, fn = Boolean) => arr.some(fn);

any([0, 1, 2, 0], x => x >= 2); // true
any([0, 0, 1, 0]); // true

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arrayToCSV

Converts a 2D array to a comma-separated values (CSV) string.

Use Array.prototype.map() and Array.prototype.join(delimiter) to combine individual 1D arrays (rows) into strings. Use Array.prototype.join('\n') to combine all rows into a CSV string, separating each row with a newline. Omit the second argument, delimiter, to use a default delimiter of ,.

const arrayToCSV = (arr, delimiter = ',') =>
  arr.map(v => v.map(x => `"${x}"`).join(delimiter)).join('\n');

arrayToCSV([['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]); // '"a","b"\n"c","d"'
arrayToCSV([['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']], ';'); // '"a";"b"\n"c";"d"'

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bifurcate

Splits values into two groups. If an element in filter is truthy, the corresponding element in the collection belongs to the first group; otherwise, it belongs to the second group.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() and Array.prototype.push() to add elements to groups, based on filter.

const bifurcate = (arr, filter) =>
  arr.reduce((acc, val, i) => (acc[filter[i] ? 0 : 1].push(val), acc), [[], []]);

bifurcate(['beep', 'boop', 'foo', 'bar'], [true, true, false, true]); // [ ['beep', 'boop', 'bar'], ['foo'] ]

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bifurcateBy

Splits values into two groups according to a predicate function, which specifies which group an element in the input collection belongs to. If the predicate function returns a truthy value, the collection element belongs to the first group; otherwise, it belongs to the second group.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() and Array.prototype.push() to add elements to groups, based on the value returned by fn for each element.

const bifurcateBy = (arr, fn) =>
  arr.reduce((acc, val, i) => (acc[fn(val, i) ? 0 : 1].push(val), acc), [[], []]);

bifurcateBy(['beep', 'boop', 'foo', 'bar'], x => x[0] === 'b'); // [ ['beep', 'boop', 'bar'], ['foo'] ]

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chunk

Chunks an array into smaller arrays of a specified size.

Use Array.from() to create a new array, that fits the number of chunks that will be produced. Use Array.prototype.slice() to map each element of the new array to a chunk the length of size. If the original array can't be split evenly, the final chunk will contain the remaining elements.

const chunk = (arr, size) =>
  Array.from({ length: Math.ceil(arr.length / size) }, (v, i) =>
    arr.slice(i * size, i * size + size)
  );

chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2); // [[1,2],[3,4],[5]]

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compact

Removes falsey values from an array.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to filter out falsey values (false, null, 0, "", undefined, and NaN).

const compact = arr => arr.filter(Boolean);

compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3, 'a', 'e' * 23, NaN, 's', 34]); // [ 1, 2, 3, 'a', 's', 34 ]

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countBy

Groups the elements of an array based on the given function and returns the count of elements in each group.

Use Array.prototype.map() to map the values of an array to a function or property name. Use Array.prototype.reduce() to create an object, where the keys are produced from the mapped results.

const countBy = (arr, fn) =>
  arr.map(typeof fn === 'function' ? fn : val => val[fn]).reduce((acc, val) => {
    acc[val] = (acc[val] || 0) + 1;
    return acc;
  }, {});

countBy([6.1, 4.2, 6.3], Math.floor); // {4: 1, 6: 2}
countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length'); // {3: 2, 5: 1}

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countOccurrences

Counts the occurrences of a value in an array.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() to increment a counter each time you encounter the specific value inside the array.

const countOccurrences = (arr, val) => arr.reduce((a, v) => (v === val ? a + 1 : a), 0);

countOccurrences([1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3], 1); // 3

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deepFlatten

Deep flattens an array.

Use recursion. Use Array.prototype.concat() with an empty array ([]) and the spread operator (...) to flatten an array. Recursively flatten each element that is an array.

const deepFlatten = arr => [].concat(...arr.map(v => (Array.isArray(v) ? deepFlatten(v) : v)));

deepFlatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]); // [1,2,3,4,5]

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difference

Returns the difference between two arrays.

Create a Set from b, then use Array.prototype.filter() on a to only keep values not contained in b.

const difference = (a, b) => {
  const s = new Set(b);
  return a.filter(x => !s.has(x));
};

difference([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 4]); // [3]

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differenceBy

Returns the difference between two arrays, after applying the provided function to each array element of both.

Create a Set by applying fn to each element in b, then use Array.prototype.filter() in combination with fn on a to only keep values not contained in the previously created set.

const differenceBy = (a, b, fn) => {
  const s = new Set(b.map(fn));
  return a.filter(x => !s.has(fn(x)));
};

differenceBy([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], Math.floor); // [1.2]
differenceBy([{ x: 2 }, { x: 1 }], [{ x: 1 }], v => v.x); // [ { x: 2 } ]

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differenceWith

Filters out all values from an array for which the comparator function does not return true.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.findIndex() to find the appropriate values.

const differenceWith = (arr, val, comp) => arr.filter(a => val.findIndex(b => comp(a, b)) === -1);

differenceWith([1, 1.2, 1.5, 3, 0], [1.9, 3, 0], (a, b) => Math.round(a) === Math.round(b)); // [1, 1.2]

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drop

Returns a new array with n elements removed from the left.

Use Array.prototype.slice() to slice the remove the specified number of elements from the left.

const drop = (arr, n = 1) => arr.slice(n);

drop([1, 2, 3]); // [2,3]
drop([1, 2, 3], 2); // [3]
drop([1, 2, 3], 42); // []

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dropRight

Returns a new array with n elements removed from the right.

Use Array.prototype.slice() to slice the remove the specified number of elements from the right.

const dropRight = (arr, n = 1) => arr.slice(0, -n);

dropRight([1, 2, 3]); // [1,2]
dropRight([1, 2, 3], 2); // [1]
dropRight([1, 2, 3], 42); // []

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dropRightWhile

Removes elements from the end of an array until the passed function returns true. Returns the remaining elements in the array.

Loop through the array, using Array.prototype.slice() to drop the last element of the array until the returned value from the function is true. Returns the remaining elements.

const dropRightWhile = (arr, func) => {
  while (arr.length > 0 && !func(arr[arr.length - 1])) arr = arr.slice(0, -1);
  return arr;
};

dropRightWhile([1, 2, 3, 4], n => n < 3); // [1, 2]

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dropWhile

Removes elements in an array until the passed function returns true. Returns the remaining elements in the array.

Loop through the array, using Array.prototype.slice() to drop the first element of the array until the returned value from the function is true. Returns the remaining elements.

const dropWhile = (arr, func) => {
  while (arr.length > 0 && !func(arr[0])) arr = arr.slice(1);
  return arr;
};

dropWhile([1, 2, 3, 4], n => n >= 3); // [3,4]

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everyNth

Returns every nth element in an array.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to create a new array that contains every nth element of a given array.

const everyNth = (arr, nth) => arr.filter((e, i) => i % nth === nth - 1);

everyNth([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 2); // [ 2, 4, 6 ]

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filterNonUnique

Filters out the non-unique values in an array.

Use Array.prototype.filter() for an array containing only the unique values.

const filterNonUnique = arr => arr.filter(i => arr.indexOf(i) === arr.lastIndexOf(i));

filterNonUnique([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]); // [1, 3, 5]

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filterNonUniqueBy

Filters out the non-unique values in an array, based on a provided comparator function.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.every() for an array containing only the unique values, based on the comparator function, fn. The comparator function takes four arguments: the values of the two elements being compared and their indexes.

const filterNonUniqueBy = (arr, fn) =>
  arr.filter((v, i) => arr.every((x, j) => (i === j) === fn(v, x, i, j)));

filterNonUniqueBy(
  [
    { id: 0, value: 'a' },
    { id: 1, value: 'b' },
    { id: 2, value: 'c' },
    { id: 1, value: 'd' },
    { id: 0, value: 'e' }
  ],
  (a, b) => a.id == b.id
); // [ { id: 2, value: 'c' } ]

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findLast

Returns the last element for which the provided function returns a truthy value.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to remove elements for which fn returns falsey values, Array.prototype.pop() to get the last one.

const findLast = (arr, fn) => arr.filter(fn).pop();

findLast([1, 2, 3, 4], n => n % 2 === 1); // 3

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findLastIndex

Returns the index of the last element for which the provided function returns a truthy value.

Use Array.prototype.map() to map each element to an array with its index and value. Use Array.prototype.filter() to remove elements for which fn returns falsey values, Array.prototype.pop() to get the last one.

const findLastIndex = (arr, fn) =>
  arr
    .map((val, i) => [i, val])
    .filter(([i, val]) => fn(val, i, arr))
    .pop()[0];

findLastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4], n => n % 2 === 1); // 2 (index of the value 3)

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flatten

Flattens an array up to the specified depth.

Use recursion, decrementing depth by 1 for each level of depth. Use Array.prototype.reduce() and Array.prototype.concat() to merge elements or arrays. Base case, for depth equal to 1 stops recursion. Omit the second argument, depth to flatten only to a depth of 1 (single flatten).

const flatten = (arr, depth = 1) =>
  arr.reduce((a, v) => a.concat(depth > 1 && Array.isArray(v) ? flatten(v, depth - 1) : v), []);

flatten([1, [2], 3, 4]); // [1, 2, 3, 4]
flatten([1, [2, [3, [4, 5], 6], 7], 8], 2); // [1, 2, 3, [4, 5], 6, 7, 8]

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forEachRight

Executes a provided function once for each array element, starting from the array's last element.

Use Array.prototype.slice(0) to clone the given array, Array.prototype.reverse() to reverse it and Array.prototype.forEach() to iterate over the reversed array.

const forEachRight = (arr, callback) =>
  arr
    .slice(0)
    .reverse()
    .forEach(callback);

forEachRight([1, 2, 3, 4], val => console.log(val)); // '4', '3', '2', '1'

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groupBy

Groups the elements of an array based on the given function.

Use Array.prototype.map() to map the values of an array to a function or property name. Use Array.prototype.reduce() to create an object, where the keys are produced from the mapped results.

const groupBy = (arr, fn) =>
  arr.map(typeof fn === 'function' ? fn : val => val[fn]).reduce((acc, val, i) => {
    acc[val] = (acc[val] || []).concat(arr[i]);
    return acc;
  }, {});

groupBy([6.1, 4.2, 6.3], Math.floor); // {4: [4.2], 6: [6.1, 6.3]}
groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length'); // {3: ['one', 'two'], 5: ['three']}

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head

Returns the head of a list.

Use arr[0] to return the first element of the passed array.

const head = arr => arr[0];

head([1, 2, 3]); // 1

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indexOfAll

Returns all indices of val in an array. If val never occurs, returns [].

Use Array.prototype.reduce() to loop over elements and store indices for matching elements. Return the array of indices.

const indexOfAll = (arr, val) => arr.reduce((acc, el, i) => (el === val ? [...acc, i] : acc), []);

indexOfAll([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 1); // [0,3]
indexOfAll([1, 2, 3], 4); // []

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initial

Returns all the elements of an array except the last one.

Use arr.slice(0,-1) to return all but the last element of the array.

const initial = arr => arr.slice(0, -1);

initial([1, 2, 3]); // [1,2]

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initialize2DArray

Initializes a 2D array of given width and height and value.

Use Array.prototype.map() to generate h rows where each is a new array of size w initialize with value. If the value is not provided, default to null.

const initialize2DArray = (w, h, val = null) =>
  Array.from({ length: h }).map(() => Array.from({ length: w }).fill(val));

initialize2DArray(2, 2, 0); // [[0,0], [0,0]]

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initializeArrayWithRange

Initializes an array containing the numbers in the specified range where start and end are inclusive with their common difference step.

Use Array.from() to create an array of the desired length, (end - start + 1)/step, and a map function to fill it with the desired values in the given range. You can omit start to use a default value of 0. You can omit step to use a default value of 1.

const initializeArrayWithRange = (end, start = 0, step = 1) =>
  Array.from({ length: Math.ceil((end - start + 1) / step) }, (v, i) => i * step + start);

initializeArrayWithRange(5); // [0,1,2,3,4,5]
initializeArrayWithRange(7, 3); // [3,4,5,6,7]
initializeArrayWithRange(9, 0, 2); // [0,2,4,6,8]

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initializeArrayWithRangeRight

Initializes an array containing the numbers in the specified range (in reverse) where start and end are inclusive with their common difference step.

Use Array.from(Math.ceil((end+1-start)/step)) to create an array of the desired length(the amounts of elements is equal to (end-start)/step or (end+1-start)/step for inclusive end), Array.prototype.map() to fill with the desired values in a range. You can omit start to use a default value of 0. You can omit step to use a default value of 1.

const initializeArrayWithRangeRight = (end, start = 0, step = 1) =>
  Array.from({ length: Math.ceil((end + 1 - start) / step) }).map(
    (v, i, arr) => (arr.length - i - 1) * step + start
  );

initializeArrayWithRangeRight(5); // [5,4,3,2,1,0]
initializeArrayWithRangeRight(7, 3); // [7,6,5,4,3]
initializeArrayWithRangeRight(9, 0, 2); // [8,6,4,2,0]

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initializeArrayWithValues

Initializes and fills an array with the specified values.

Use Array(n) to create an array of the desired length, fill(v) to fill it with the desired values. You can omit val to use a default value of 0.

const initializeArrayWithValues = (n, val = 0) => Array(n).fill(val);

initializeArrayWithValues(5, 2); // [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]

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initializeNDArray

Create a n-dimensional array with given value.

Use recursion. Use Array.prototype.map() to generate rows where each is a new array initialized using initializeNDArray.

const initializeNDArray = (val, ...args) =>
  args.length === 0
    ? val
    : Array.from({ length: args[0] }).map(() => initializeNDArray(val, ...args.slice(1)));

initializeNDArray(1, 3); // [1,1,1]
initializeNDArray(5, 2, 2, 2); // [[[5,5],[5,5]],[[5,5],[5,5]]]

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intersection

Returns a list of elements that exist in both arrays.

Create a Set from b, then use Array.prototype.filter() on a to only keep values contained in b.

const intersection = (a, b) => {
  const s = new Set(b);
  return a.filter(x => s.has(x));
};

intersection([1, 2, 3], [4, 3, 2]); // [2, 3]

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intersectionBy

Returns a list of elements that exist in both arrays, after applying the provided function to each array element of both.

Create a Set by applying fn to all elements in b, then use Array.prototype.filter() on a to only keep elements, which produce values contained in b when fn is applied to them.

const intersectionBy = (a, b, fn) => {
  const s = new Set(b.map(fn));
  return a.filter(x => s.has(fn(x)));
};

intersectionBy([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], Math.floor); // [2.1]

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intersectionWith

Returns a list of elements that exist in both arrays, using a provided comparator function.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.findIndex() in combination with the provided comparator to determine intersecting values.

const intersectionWith = (a, b, comp) => a.filter(x => b.findIndex(y => comp(x, y)) !== -1);

intersectionWith([1, 1.2, 1.5, 3, 0], [1.9, 3, 0, 3.9], (a, b) => Math.round(a) === Math.round(b)); // [1.5, 3, 0]

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isSorted

Returns 1 if the array is sorted in ascending order, -1 if it is sorted in descending order or 0 if it is not sorted.

Calculate the ordering direction for the first two elements. Use Object.entries() to loop over array objects and compare them in pairs. Return 0 if the direction changes or the direction if the last element is reached.

const isSorted = arr => {
  let direction = -(arr[0] - arr[1]);
  for (let [i, val] of arr.entries()) {
    direction = !direction ? -(arr[i - 1] - arr[i]) : direction;
    if (i === arr.length - 1) return !direction ? 0 : direction;
    else if ((val - arr[i + 1]) * direction > 0) return 0;
  }
};

isSorted([0, 1, 2, 2]); // 1
isSorted([4, 3, 2]); // -1
isSorted([4, 3, 5]); // 0

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join

Joins all elements of an array into a string and returns this string. Uses a separator and an end separator.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() to combine elements into a string. Omit the second argument, separator, to use a default separator of ','. Omit the third argument, end, to use the same value as separator by default.

const join = (arr, separator = ',', end = separator) =>
  arr.reduce(
    (acc, val, i) =>
      i === arr.length - 2
        ? acc + val + end
        : i === arr.length - 1
          ? acc + val
          : acc + val + separator,
    ''
  );

join(['pen', 'pineapple', 'apple', 'pen'], ',', '&'); // "pen,pineapple,apple&pen"
join(['pen', 'pineapple', 'apple', 'pen'], ','); // "pen,pineapple,apple,pen"
join(['pen', 'pineapple', 'apple', 'pen']); // "pen,pineapple,apple,pen"

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JSONtoCSV

Converts an array of objects to a comma-separated values (CSV) string that contains only the columns specified.

Use Array.prototype.join(delimiter) to combine all the names in columns to create the first row. Use Array.prototype.map() and Array.prototype.reduce() to create a row for each object, substituting non-existent values with empty strings and only mapping values in columns. Use Array.prototype.join('\n') to combine all rows into a string. Omit the third argument, delimiter, to use a default delimiter of ,.

const JSONtoCSV = (arr, columns, delimiter = ',') =>
  [
    columns.join(delimiter),
    ...arr.map(obj =>
      columns.reduce(
        (acc, key) => `${acc}${!acc.length ? '' : delimiter}"${!obj[key] ? '' : obj[key]}"`,
        ''
      )
    )
  ].join('\n');

JSONtoCSV([{ a: 1, b: 2 }, { a: 3, b: 4, c: 5 }, { a: 6 }, { b: 7 }], ['a', 'b']); // 'a,b\n"1","2"\n"3","4"\n"6",""\n"","7"'
JSONtoCSV([{ a: 1, b: 2 }, { a: 3, b: 4, c: 5 }, { a: 6 }, { b: 7 }], ['a', 'b'], ';'); // 'a;b\n"1";"2"\n"3";"4"\n"6";""\n"";"7"'

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last

Returns the last element in an array.

Use arr.length - 1 to compute the index of the last element of the given array and returning it.

const last = arr => arr[arr.length - 1];

last([1, 2, 3]); // 3

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longestItem

Takes any number of iterable objects or objects with a length property and returns the longest one. If multiple objects have the same length, the first one will be returned. Returns undefined if no arguments are provided.

Use Array.prototype.reduce(), comparing the length of objects to find the longest one.

const longestItem = (...vals) => vals.reduce((a, x) => (x.length > a.length ? x : a));

longestItem('this', 'is', 'a', 'testcase'); // 'testcase'
longestItem(...['a', 'ab', 'abc']); // 'abc'
longestItem(...['a', 'ab', 'abc'], 'abcd'); // 'abcd'
longestItem([1, 2, 3], [1, 2], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
longestItem([1, 2, 3], 'foobar'); // 'foobar'

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mapObject

Maps the values of an array to an object using a function, where the key-value pairs consist of the original value as the key and the mapped value.

Use an anonymous inner function scope to declare an undefined memory space, using closures to store a return value. Use a new Array to store the array with a map of the function over its data set and a comma operator to return a second step, without needing to move from one context to another (due to closures and order of operations).

const mapObject = (arr, fn) =>
  (a => (
    (a = [arr, arr.map(fn)]), a[0].reduce((acc, val, ind) => ((acc[val] = a[1][ind]), acc), {})
  ))();

const squareIt = arr => mapObject(arr, a => a * a);
squareIt([1, 2, 3]); // { 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9 }

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maxN

Returns the n maximum elements from the provided array. If n is greater than or equal to the provided array's length, then return the original array (sorted in descending order).

Use Array.prototype.sort() combined with the spread operator (...) to create a shallow clone of the array and sort it in descending order. Use Array.prototype.slice() to get the specified number of elements. Omit the second argument, n, to get a one-element array.

const maxN = (arr, n = 1) => [...arr].sort((a, b) => b - a).slice(0, n);

maxN([1, 2, 3]); // [3]
maxN([1, 2, 3], 2); // [3,2]

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minN

Returns the n minimum elements from the provided array. If n is greater than or equal to the provided array's length, then return the original array (sorted in ascending order).

Use Array.prototype.sort() combined with the spread operator (...) to create a shallow clone of the array and sort it in ascending order. Use Array.prototype.slice() to get the specified number of elements. Omit the second argument, n, to get a one-element array.

const minN = (arr, n = 1) => [...arr].sort((a, b) => a - b).slice(0, n);

minN([1, 2, 3]); // [1]
minN([1, 2, 3], 2); // [1,2]

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none

Returns true if the provided predicate function returns false for all elements in a collection, false otherwise.

Use Array.prototype.some() to test if any elements in the collection return true based on fn. Omit the second argument, fn, to use Boolean as a default.

const none = (arr, fn = Boolean) => !arr.some(fn);

none([0, 1, 3, 0], x => x == 2); // true
none([0, 0, 0]); // true

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nthElement

Returns the nth element of an array.

Use Array.prototype.slice() to get an array containing the nth element at the first place. If the index is out of bounds, return undefined. Omit the second argument, n, to get the first element of the array.

const nthElement = (arr, n = 0) => (n === -1 ? arr.slice(n) : arr.slice(n, n + 1))[0];

nthElement(['a', 'b', 'c'], 1); // 'b'
nthElement(['a', 'b', 'b'], -3); // 'a'

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offset

Moves the specified amount of elements to the end of the array.

Use Array.prototype.slice() twice to get the elements after the specified index and the elements before that. Use the spread operator(...) to combine the two into one array. If offset is negative, the elements will be moved from end to start.

const offset = (arr, offset) => [...arr.slice(offset), ...arr.slice(0, offset)];

offset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2); // [3, 4, 5, 1, 2]
offset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], -2); // [4, 5, 1, 2, 3]

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partition

Groups the elements into two arrays, depending on the provided function's truthiness for each element.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() to create an array of two arrays. Use Array.prototype.push() to add elements for which fn returns true to the first array and elements for which fn returns false to the second one.

const partition = (arr, fn) =>
  arr.reduce(
    (acc, val, i, arr) => {
      acc[fn(val, i, arr) ? 0 : 1].push(val);
      return acc;
    },
    [[], []]
  );

const users = [{ user: 'barney', age: 36, active: false }, { user: 'fred', age: 40, active: true }];
partition(users, o => o.active); // [[{ 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': true }],[{ 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': false }]]

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permutations

⚠️ WARNING: This function's execution time increases exponentially with each array element. Anything more than 8 to 10 entries will cause your browser to hang as it tries to solve all the different combinations.

Generates all permutations of an array's elements (contains duplicates).

Use recursion. For each element in the given array, create all the partial permutations for the rest of its elements. Use Array.prototype.map() to combine the element with each partial permutation, then Array.prototype.reduce() to combine all permutations in one array. Base cases are for array length equal to 2 or 1.

const permutations = arr => {
  if (arr.length <= 2) return arr.length === 2 ? [arr, [arr[1], arr[0]]] : arr;
  return arr.reduce(
    (acc, item, i) =>
      acc.concat(
        permutations([...arr.slice(0, i), ...arr.slice(i + 1)]).map(val => [item, ...val])
      ),
    []
  );
};

permutations([1, 33, 5]); // [ [ 1, 33, 5 ], [ 1, 5, 33 ], [ 33, 1, 5 ], [ 33, 5, 1 ], [ 5, 1, 33 ], [ 5, 33, 1 ] ]

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pull

Mutates the original array to filter out the values specified.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.includes() to pull out the values that are not needed. Use Array.prototype.length = 0 to mutate the passed in an array by resetting it's length to zero and Array.prototype.push() to re-populate it with only the pulled values.

(For a snippet that does not mutate the original array see without)

const pull = (arr, ...args) => {
  let argState = Array.isArray(args[0]) ? args[0] : args;
  let pulled = arr.filter((v, i) => !argState.includes(v));
  arr.length = 0;
  pulled.forEach(v => arr.push(v));
};

let myArray = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'];
pull(myArray, 'a', 'c'); // myArray = [ 'b', 'b' ]

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pullAtIndex

Mutates the original array to filter out the values at the specified indexes.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.includes() to pull out the values that are not needed. Use Array.prototype.length = 0 to mutate the passed in an array by resetting it's length to zero and Array.prototype.push() to re-populate it with only the pulled values. Use Array.prototype.push() to keep track of pulled values

const pullAtIndex = (arr, pullArr) => {
  let removed = [];
  let pulled = arr
    .map((v, i) => (pullArr.includes(i) ? removed.push(v) : v))
    .filter((v, i) => !pullArr.includes(i));
  arr.length = 0;
  pulled.forEach(v => arr.push(v));
  return removed;
};

let myArray = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let pulled = pullAtIndex(myArray, [1, 3]); // myArray = [ 'a', 'c' ] , pulled = [ 'b', 'd' ]

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pullAtValue

Mutates the original array to filter out the values specified. Returns the removed elements.

Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.includes() to pull out the values that are not needed. Use Array.prototype.length = 0 to mutate the passed in an array by resetting it's length to zero and Array.prototype.push() to re-populate it with only the pulled values. Use Array.prototype.push() to keep track of pulled values

const pullAtValue = (arr, pullArr) => {
  let removed = [],
    pushToRemove = arr.forEach((v, i) => (pullArr.includes(v) ? removed.push(v) : v)),
    mutateTo = arr.filter((v, i) => !pullArr.includes(v));
  arr.length = 0;
  mutateTo.forEach(v => arr.push(v));
  return removed;
};

let myArray = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
let pulled = pullAtValue(myArray, ['b', 'd']); // myArray = [ 'a', 'c' ] , pulled = [ 'b', 'd' ]

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pullBy

Mutates the original array to filter out the values specified, based on a given iterator function.

Check if the last argument provided in a function. Use Array.prototype.map() to apply the iterator function fn to all array elements. Use Array.prototype.filter() and Array.prototype.includes() to pull out the values that are not needed. Use Array.prototype.length = 0 to mutate the passed in an array by resetting it's length to zero and Array.prototype.push() to re-populate it with only the pulled values.

const pullBy = (arr, ...args) => {
  const length = args.length;
  let fn = length > 1 ? args[length - 1] : undefined;
  fn = typeof fn == 'function' ? (args.pop(), fn) : undefined;
  let argState = (Array.isArray(args[0]) ? args[0] : args).map(val => fn(val));
  let pulled = arr.filter((v, i) => !argState.includes(fn(v)));
  arr.length = 0;
  pulled.forEach(v => arr.push(v));
};

var myArray = [{ x: 1 }, { x: 2 }, { x: 3 }, { x: 1 }];
pullBy(myArray, [{ x: 1 }, { x: 3 }], o => o.x); // myArray = [{ x: 2 }]

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reducedFilter

Filter an array of objects based on a condition while also filtering out unspecified keys.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to filter the array based on the predicate fn so that it returns the objects for which the condition returned a truthy value. On the filtered array, use Array.prototype.map() to return the new object using Array.prototype.reduce() to filter out the keys which were not supplied as the keys argument.

const reducedFilter = (data, keys, fn) =>
  data.filter(fn).map(el =>
    keys.reduce((acc, key) => {
      acc[key] = el[key];
      return acc;
    }, {})
  );

const data = [
  {
    id: 1,
    name: 'john',
    age: 24
  },
  {
    id: 2,
    name: 'mike',
    age: 50
  }
];

reducedFilter(data, ['id', 'name'], item => item.age > 24); // [{ id: 2, name: 'mike'}]

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reduceSuccessive

Applies a function against an accumulator and each element in the array (from left to right), returning an array of successively reduced values.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() to apply the given function to the given array, storing each new result.

const reduceSuccessive = (arr, fn, acc) =>
  arr.reduce((res, val, i, arr) => (res.push(fn(res.slice(-1)[0], val, i, arr)), res), [acc]);

reduceSuccessive([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], (acc, val) => acc + val, 0); // [0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21]

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reduceWhich

Returns the minimum/maximum value of an array, after applying the provided function to set comparing rule.

Use Array.prototype.reduce() in combination with the comparator function to get the appropriate element in the array. You can omit the second parameter, comparator, to use the default one that returns the minimum element in the array.

const reduceWhich = (arr, comparator = (a, b) => a - b) =>
  arr.reduce((a, b) => (comparator(a, b) >= 0 ? b : a));

reduceWhich([1, 3, 2]); // 1
reduceWhich([1, 3, 2], (a, b) => b - a); // 3
reduceWhich(
  [{ name: 'Tom', age: 12 }, { name: 'Jack', age: 18 }, { name: 'Lucy', age: 9 }],
  (a, b) => a.age - b.age
); // {name: "Lucy", age: 9}

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reject

Takes a predicate and array, like Array.prototype.filter(), but only keeps x if pred(x) === false.

const reject = (pred, array) => array.filter((...args) => !pred(...args));

reject(x => x % 2 === 0, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]); // [1, 3, 5]
reject(word => word.length > 4, ['Apple', 'Pear', 'Kiwi', 'Banana']); // ['Pear', 'Kiwi']

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remove

Removes elements from an array for which the given function returns false.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to find array elements that return truthy values and Array.prototype.reduce() to remove elements using Array.prototype.splice(). The func is invoked with three arguments (value, index, array).

const remove = (arr, func) =>
  Array.isArray(arr)
    ? arr.filter(func).reduce((acc, val) => {
      arr.splice(arr.indexOf(val), 1);
      return acc.concat(val);
    }, [])
    : [];

remove([1, 2, 3, 4], n => n % 2 === 0); // [2, 4]

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sample

Returns a random element from an array.

Use Math.random() to generate a random number, multiply it by length and round it off to the nearest whole number using Math.floor(). This method also works with strings.

const sample = arr => arr[Math.floor(Math.random() * arr.length)];

sample([3, 7, 9, 11]); // 9

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sampleSize

Gets n random elements at unique keys from array up to the size of array.

Shuffle the array using the Fisher-Yates algorithm. Use Array.prototype.slice() to get the first n elements. Omit the second argument, n to get only one element at random from the array.

const sampleSize = ([...arr], n = 1) => {
  let m = arr.length;
  while (m) {
    const i = Math.floor(Math.random() * m--);
    [arr[m], arr[i]] = [arr[i], arr[m]];
  }
  return arr.slice(0, n);
};

sampleSize([1, 2, 3], 2); // [3,1]
sampleSize([1, 2, 3], 4); // [2,3,1]

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shank

Has the same functionality as Array.prototype.splice(), but returning a new array instead of mutating the original array.

Use Array.prototype.slice() and Array.prototype.concat() to get a new array with the new contents after removing existing elements and/or adding new elements. Omit the second argument, index, to start at 0. Omit the third argument, delCount, to remove 0 elements. Omit the fourth argument, elements, in order to not add any new elements.

const shank = (arr, index = 0, delCount = 0, ...elements) =>
  arr
    .slice(0, index)
    .concat(elements)
    .concat(arr.slice(index + delCount));

const names = ['alpha', 'bravo', 'charlie'];
const namesAndDelta = shank(names, 1, 0, 'delta'); // [ 'alpha', 'delta', 'bravo', 'charlie' ]
const namesNoBravo = shank(names, 1, 1); // [ 'alpha', 'charlie' ]
console.log(names); // ['alpha', 'bravo', 'charlie']

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shuffle

Randomizes the order of the values of an array, returning a new array.

Uses the Fisher-Yates algorithm to reorder the elements of the array.

const shuffle = ([...arr]) => {
  let m = arr.length;
  while (m) {
    const i = Math.floor(Math.random() * m--);
    [arr[m], arr[i]] = [arr[i], arr[m]];
  }
  return arr;
};

const foo = [1, 2, 3];
shuffle(foo); // [2, 3, 1], foo = [1, 2, 3]

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similarity

Returns an array of elements that appear in both arrays.

Use Array.prototype.filter() to remove values that are not part of values, determined using Array.prototype.includes().

const similarity = (arr, values) => arr.filter(v => values.includes(v));

similarity([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 4]); // [1, 2]

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sortedIndex

Returns the lowest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order.

Check if the array is sorted in descending order (loosely). Use Array.prototype.findIndex() to find the appropriate index where the element should be inserted.

const sortedIndex = (arr, n) => {
  const isDescending = arr[0] > arr[arr.length - 1];
  const index = arr.findIndex(el => (isDescending ? n >= el : n <= el));
  return index === -1 ? arr.length : index;
};

sortedIndex([5, 3, 2, 1], 4); // 1
sortedIndex([30, 50], 40); // 1

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sortedIndexBy

Returns the lowest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order, based on a provided iterator function.

Check if the array is sorted in descending order (loosely). Use Array.prototype.findIndex() to find the appropriate index where the element should be inserted, based on the iterator function fn.

const sortedIndexBy = (arr, n, fn) => {
  const isDescending = fn(arr[0]) > fn(arr[arr.length - 1]);
  const val = fn(n);
  const index = arr.findIndex(el => (isDescending ? val >= fn(el) : val <= fn(el)));
  return index === -1 ? arr.length : index;
};

sortedIndexBy([{ x: 4 }, { x: 5 }], { x: 4 }, o => o.x); // 0

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sortedLastIndex

Returns the highest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order.

Check if the array is sorted in descending order (loosely). Use Array.prototype.reverse() and Array.prototype.findIndex() to find the appropriate last index where the element should be inserted.

const sortedLastIndex = (arr, n) => {
  const isDescending = arr[0] > arr[arr.length - 1];
  const index = arr.reverse().findIndex(el => (isDescending ? n <= el : n >= el));
  return index === -1 ? 0 : arr.length - index;
};

sortedLastIndex([10, 20, 30, 30, 40], 30); // 4

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sor